Involved Countries

Fighting the US and Israel since February 2026. US-Iran exchanges resumed after the June truce, with further strikes reported in September.

Conducting military operations against Iran. September reporting describes renewed strikes and a continuing confrontation over shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.

Launched the February offensive with the US. Also fought Hezbollah in Lebanon; its operations are distinct from European and Gulf defensive deployments.

RAF aircraft have flown defensive missions against regional aerial threats. The UK also supports preparations for a separate multinational Hormuz mission.

Iranian attacks hit military and civilian sites during the conflict. The UAE received Australian surveillance and air-defense assistance for protection.

Hosts US naval forces and has faced Iranian attacks. Air-raid sirens sounded during the renewed regional exchanges in July.

Faced Iranian missile and drone attacks, including renewed exchanges after July 8. UK guidance continued to identify attacks on US-linked infrastructure in September.

Hit during Iranian regional attacks. In September, Houthi attacks on Saudi interests prompted a UK offer of limited aerial-refueling support.

Ports and nearby shipping have been struck during the conflict. Oman summoned the Iranian ambassador over renewed drone attacks in July.

Drones hit Nakhchivan on March 5. Azerbaijan attributed the attack to Iran; Iran denied responsibility. The attack damaged the airport and injured civilians.

Hezbollah fought Israel from Lebanese territory. Lebanon banned Hezbollah military activity; the government and the armed group must not be treated as the same actor.

A drone struck the British RAF Akrotiri base in March, prompting European defensive deployments. The British sovereign base is distinct from the Republic of Cyprus.

Hosts US forces and has faced Iranian attacks. Reuters reported renewed strikes on Qatar in July after a pause since April.

Intercepted Iranian projectiles and faced attacks on US-linked installations. UK guidance recorded renewed attacks after July 8, with a September security update.

Reinforced the Lebanese border in March as regional fighting spread, with deployments reported as defensive and intended to curb arms smuggling.

Iran-aligned armed groups operate from Iraqi territory. Iraq also faced strikes and drone interceptions during the renewed US-Iran exchanges in July.

NATO confirmed intercepting an Iranian ballistic missile threatening Türkiye in March. This does not establish Turkish participation in offensive strikes on Iran.

Deployed its carrier and other warships during the conflict. France describes its role as defensive; preparations for a Hormuz mission are separate from offensive strikes.

Sent frigates and fighter aircraft to reinforce Cyprus after the March drone attack. This entry records a defensive deployment, not participation in strikes on Iran.

Contributed to the European naval response around Cyprus in March. The documented deployment supports regional protection rather than an offensive role against Iran.

German personnel at Al-Azraq in Jordan were exposed to Iranian attacks in March. This does not establish German participation in offensive operations against Iran.

A September 7 defense update announced a naval rotation after operations in the Arabian Sea. A final decision on active participation in the Hormuz mission was still pending.

Sent the frigate Cristóbal Colón to support the defensive naval deployment around Cyprus in March, while opposing offensive participation in the Iran war.

Authorized conditional US use of Lajes Airbase. Portugal distinguishes this access from participation in the war and says the use must meet its stated conditions.

Deployed an E-7A Wedgetail and supplied air-to-air missiles for Gulf defense. Its defense ministry documented the aircraft’s operational contribution in June.

Launched Operation Muhafiz-ul-Bahr on March 9 to escort national merchant shipping and protect energy supplies. Inclusion rests on naval operations, not diplomatic mediation.

The Houthis, an Iran-aligned armed group, have attacked regional shipping and Saudi interests. Their actions do not represent all Yemeni authorities or residents.

Deployed naval units under Operation Urja Suraksha to protect trade after the regional escalation. India’s September UN statement documents the operation and maritime-security activity.

Deployed military experts to help regional partners counter Iranian drones. Ukraine also announced long-term defense cooperation with Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar.

Reuters relayed reports of Iranian use of a Chinese-built satellite to monitor US bases. Beijing denied the claim; direct Chinese state participation is not established.

Reuters reported a Ukrainian assessment that Russia supplied imagery and cyber support to Iran. This is attributed intelligence reporting, not independently confirmed deployment of Russian combat forces.