31 countries tracked for military operations, defensive deployments, attacks on their territory, or material support in the Iran conflict.
Qatar-led contacts entered a third day as Iran outlined a faster proposed sequence for reopening the Strait of Hormuz, but no agreement was reported.
Fighting the US and Israel since February 2026. US-Iran exchanges resumed after the June truce, with further strikes reported in September.
Direct combatantConducting military operations against Iran. September reporting describes renewed strikes and a continuing confrontation over shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.
Direct combatantLaunched the February offensive with the US. Also fought Hezbollah in Lebanon; its operations are distinct from European and Gulf defensive deployments.
Direct combatantRAF aircraft have flown defensive missions against regional aerial threats. The UK also supports preparations for a separate multinational Hormuz mission.
Air defense / Base accessIranian attacks hit military and civilian sites during the conflict. The UAE received Australian surveillance and air-defense assistance for protection.
Attacked / Air defenseHosts US naval forces and has faced Iranian attacks. Air-raid sirens sounded during the renewed regional exchanges in July.
Attacked / US base hostFaced Iranian missile and drone attacks, including renewed exchanges after July 8. UK guidance continued to identify attacks on US-linked infrastructure in September.
Attacked / Air defenseHit during Iranian regional attacks. In September, Houthi attacks on Saudi interests prompted a UK offer of limited aerial-refueling support.
Attacked / Regional defensePorts and nearby shipping have been struck during the conflict. Oman summoned the Iranian ambassador over renewed drone attacks in July.
Attacked / Maritime exposureDrones hit Nakhchivan on March 5. Azerbaijan attributed the attack to Iran; Iran denied responsibility. The attack damaged the airport and injured civilians.
Drone attack / Attribution disputedHezbollah fought Israel from Lebanese territory. Lebanon banned Hezbollah military activity; the government and the armed group must not be treated as the same actor.
Hezbollah conflict / Affected territoryA drone struck the British RAF Akrotiri base in March, prompting European defensive deployments. The British sovereign base is distinct from the Republic of Cyprus.
UK base attacked / Defensive deploymentsHosts US forces and has faced Iranian attacks. Reuters reported renewed strikes on Qatar in July after a pause since April.
Attacked / Air defenseIntercepted Iranian projectiles and faced attacks on US-linked installations. UK guidance recorded renewed attacks after July 8, with a September security update.
Attacked / Air defenseReinforced the Lebanese border in March as regional fighting spread, with deployments reported as defensive and intended to curb arms smuggling.
Border reinforcementIran-aligned armed groups operate from Iraqi territory. Iraq also faced strikes and drone interceptions during the renewed US-Iran exchanges in July.
Attacks / Armed-group operationsNATO confirmed intercepting an Iranian ballistic missile threatening Türkiye in March. This does not establish Turkish participation in offensive strikes on Iran.
Missile interception / Territorial exposureDeployed its carrier and other warships during the conflict. France describes its role as defensive; preparations for a Hormuz mission are separate from offensive strikes.
Regional air and naval defenseSent frigates and fighter aircraft to reinforce Cyprus after the March drone attack. This entry records a defensive deployment, not participation in strikes on Iran.
Defense of CyprusContributed to the European naval response around Cyprus in March. The documented deployment supports regional protection rather than an offensive role against Iran.
Regional naval defenseGerman personnel at Al-Azraq in Jordan were exposed to Iranian attacks in March. This does not establish German participation in offensive operations against Iran.
Deployed personnel exposed to attacksA September 7 defense update announced a naval rotation after operations in the Arabian Sea. A final decision on active participation in the Hormuz mission was still pending.
Naval deployment / Mission preparationSent the frigate Cristóbal Colón to support the defensive naval deployment around Cyprus in March, while opposing offensive participation in the Iran war.
Defense of CyprusAuthorized conditional US use of Lajes Airbase. Portugal distinguishes this access from participation in the war and says the use must meet its stated conditions.
Conditional US base accessDeployed an E-7A Wedgetail and supplied air-to-air missiles for Gulf defense. Its defense ministry documented the aircraft’s operational contribution in June.
Air surveillance / Defense assistanceLaunched Operation Muhafiz-ul-Bahr on March 9 to escort national merchant shipping and protect energy supplies. Inclusion rests on naval operations, not diplomatic mediation.
Naval escortsThe Houthis, an Iran-aligned armed group, have attacked regional shipping and Saudi interests. Their actions do not represent all Yemeni authorities or residents.
Houthi operations / Affected territoryDeployed naval units under Operation Urja Suraksha to protect trade after the regional escalation. India’s September UN statement documents the operation and maritime-security activity.
Maritime protectionDeployed military experts to help regional partners counter Iranian drones. Ukraine also announced long-term defense cooperation with Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar.
Counter-drone assistanceReuters relayed reports of Iranian use of a Chinese-built satellite to monitor US bases. Beijing denied the claim; direct Chinese state participation is not established.
Reported technology support / DisputedReuters reported a Ukrainian assessment that Russia supplied imagery and cyber support to Iran. This is attributed intelligence reporting, not independently confirmed deployment of Russian combat forces.
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